Child Welfare And The United States Department Of Justice

According to the United States department of Justice, Over sixty percent of American children are exposed to a type of violence every year (Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Ormrod, R., Hamby, S., and Kracke, K. 2009). These forms of violence can be perpetrated by a victims home, community or school, with majority of children knowing the perpetrator(s). These experiences with violence whether primary or secondary, can cause serious psychological trauma to a child and in worst case scenarios death. The 2009 survey by the Department of Justice also found that children exposed to any form of violence were more likely to engage in violence in the future and almost forty percent of these children were exposed to multiple acts of violence ( pg.2). The†¦show more content†¦The minimalist position ideology is that this problem is overlooked, and they are very skeptical of these claims. Both of these ideologies are consisted extremist theories and are frowned upon in the criminal justice sy stem. Karmen explained how Kidnapping was not apart of the UCR and data was so rare that National Incidence Study of Missing, Abducted, Runaway and Throwaway (NISMART) was created in 1984. This system found that roughly 40% of these cases were actual missing children incidences (p. 186), but 40% as well were misunderstanding between the child and parent, 10% being due to injury/illness. This chapter also gave excellent information on children in the Justice system, as witnesses, and the laws before 1990. I believe this chapter went into excellent detail on children as victims, and as the volumes continue I m sure will only become more extensive. 2. Defending Childhood. Defending Childhood. Web. 14 Mar. 2015. http://www.justice.gov/defendingchildhood The United States government is trying to educate America about childhood and violence. Attorney General Holder started this initiative in 2010 to combat this issue because the children of today are the adults of tomorrow. Psychogically, physically and mentally violence causes long- term effects on the human and with children being literally mentally undeveloped it causes detrimental effects. The Department of Justice goal is to prevent child abuse, and to help

The Libation Bearers and Hamlet - 1302 Words

The Libation Bearers and Hamlet Many of Shakespeare’s plays draw from classical Greek themes, plot and metaphors. The tragedies of Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides and Homer have themes like royal murders, assassinations by near relatives, the supernatural, ghostly visits, and vengeful spirits of the dead- themes which reappear in Shakespeare’s tragedies with a difference. Shakespeare’s tragic hero Hamlet and Aeschylus’s Orestes have a great deal in common. Both the plays are set in a time when the society is going through transition. In Orestia gods are changing. Furies turn into Eumenides or the Pacified Ones. Social and political norms are changing. The old laws of revenge and retribution have to be re-established. Similarly Hamlet’s†¦show more content†¦Both the tragic heroes are troubled by supernatural visits and nightmares. Both have ethical and moral dilemmas , nevertheless, Hamlet is much more scholarly and agonized than Orestes who better fits in the robe of a Classical Greek revenge hero. Jessica Price observes: â€Å"An onslaught of tragic elements appear in both Hamlet and The Oresteia. Hamlets hamartia in William Shakespeares Hamlet leads to his succumbing to corruption and his eventual demise. In The Oresteia by Aeschylus, Orestes hamartia takes a slightly different course, causing him to stumble, but not completely fall.† While Orestes never indulges in long existential speeches or philosophical thinking Hamlet delays the action in his endless quest for a right answer. Hamlet is not faced with the terrible commitment of killing his own mother. He has to kill his uncle to whom one is not as dearly related as a son is to his mother. Still he does not consider it right to kill his uncle on an apparitions’ command. He puts him to test to affirm what his father’s ghost said. He arranges a play based on the actual event of king’s murder to be performed before his uncle and mother and note their responses to it. Even after his suspicion is validated he cannot bring himself round to kill his uncle. He wants to heal what has been hurt, make right what is wrong, do the justice but deep inside he does not want to kill Claudius. Orestes, on the other hand, rightShow MoreRelatedThe Libation Bearers and Hamlet1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe Libation Bearers and Hamlet Many of Shakespeare’s plays draw from classical Greek themes, plot and metaphors. The tragedies of Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides and Homer have themes like royal murders, assassinations by near relatives, the supernatural, ghostly visits, and vengeful spirits of the dead- themes which reappear in Shakespeare’s tragedies with a difference. Shakespeare’s tragic hero Hamlet and Aeschylus’s Orestes have a great deal in common. Both the plays are set in a time when theRead MoreAristotle s The Tragic Hero1561 Words   |  7 Pagesdetestable murderer that he must kill in order to avenge his father’s death. While confronting his mother, Orestes says â€Å"I want to butcher you†¦ Die! – go down with him forever! You love this man, the man you should have loved you hated.† (The Libation Bearers, 891-894) Clytaemnestra murders Agamemnon believing that her action is justified and good. Orestes sees his mother’s action as evil, and murders Clytaemnestra believing that his action is justified and good. Indeed, these conflicting views are

Research Study Paper Free Essays

Article two by Grainiest Colliers (2012) â€Å"Fellowship’s experiences of organizational leadership: A systems psychodrama perspective† was chosen for leadership and article three was carefully chosen for this paper. â€Å"Followers’ Personality and the Perception of Transformational Leadership: Further Evidence for the Similarity Hypothesis† by the authors Flee, J. , Synchs, B. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Study Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now (2010) came from the reference list of article one. These articles titles in comparison all are related to followers’ in an organization and show how followers’ personality, preferences, and experiences affect how hey perceive leadership. The purpose of the study in article one, the authors wanted the findings built upon the â€Å"Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research Program (GLOBE study)† by analyzing the personalities Of the participants and the impact on implicit leadership views. Article two’s purpose for the study is to describe follower-ship experiences of organizational leadership from a systems psychodrama perspective and the aim of article three’s study is to extend previous research on the relationship between follower’s personality and the perception and acceptance of ramifications leadership. The comparison of the studies show how followers’ personality, preferences, and experiences affect how they perceive leadership in organizations. The authors rational for the topic in article one is â€Å"the primary focus of the GLOBE study and to analyze how cultural preferences predicted leadership preferences. † (Palmer, et al. , 2013, peg. 56) This study added significantly to the body of literature related to implicit leadership and the study did not report how participants’ personalities impacted their views of leadership. In article two, the authors’ build a strong ease that has given them motivation for the study and their rationale for the topic is because â€Å"the research was important in its rich comment on organizational leadership as expressed by fellowship in a contained space and interpreting the views from below the surface† (Grainiest, et al. 201 2, peg. 6) which are not expressed in organizations generally and easily. The authors’ also commented on how there is no previous research on the topic. Finally in article three, the author’s build a plausible case that provide evidence that followers personality influences the perceptions of ramifications leadership and commitment to the leader. For the author’s to do their study, they reversed the order of variables in which the leaders affect their followers’ attitudes and behaviors to the followers’ reactions to leaders as the independent variables and the leaders as the dependent variable. The comparison of the rational in each article provides the prediction of followers’ personality whether through the GLOBE study or as one particular leadership style. Research Questions The research questions in each of the articles provide the researcher the tools needed to test their theories. In article one, Palmer along with the other authors provided the following hypotheses to be tested in their study. 1 . DO followers’ personality in neurotics correlate with Charismatic Leadership and Directive Leadership? 2. Does Extroversion correlate how followers perceive with preferences to Directive Leadership, Bureaucratic Leadership, or Self Serving Leadership? 3. Does Agreeableness correlate with followers’ personality for Charismatic Leadership, Directive Leadership, and Self Serving Leadership? . Do Openness correlate with Directive Leadership, Bureaucratic, and Self Serving Leadership? These hypotheses of followers’ neurotics, extroversion, agreeableness, and openness may be positively correlated to Charismatic and Directive leadership but my impact Bureaucratic and Self Serving leadership negatively. Article two state †Å"given the aforementioned complexity on the macro, mess, and micro leadership levels (Greenest, et al. , 201 2, peg. 3); the authors wanted to know whether leadership is an anxiety for followers. Also, followers’ experiences and how they perceive race and gender in leadership. The following hypotheses are tested: 1) What is fellowship’s systems psychodrama experience of organization leadership? 2) Is leadership an anxiety for followers that is an object split between a â€Å"good parent and a bad parent’ theory? 3) How does followers experience of organizational leadership denigrating the present and hoping for a good future like â€Å"good bread with bad butter in between’? 4) Do followers perceive race and gender play a part in leadership? 5) Do followers believe leadership is experiencing an adolescent type of identity crises? ) Why do followers perceive leadership as a bad object containing unsolvable shame and haunting organizations? 7) Do coping with existential anxiety round leadership based on trusting the systemic and unconscious life forces towards equilibrium, linked with an inner strength to survive? Article three tests the hypotheses for followers â€Å"high in extroversion, agreeableness and openness are assumed to per ceive or attributed more transformational leadership and to show more affective commitment to their supervisors† (Flee, et al. , 2010, peg. 98) in relation to followers’ perceptions of transformational leadership and the affective commitment to the supervisor and the personalities of leaders. The authors’ hypotheses mentioned are: 1) Followers extroversion is positively related to the perception Of transformational leadership and to the affective commitment to the supervisor, whereas the relationship with continuance commitment is negative. 2) Followers’ agreeableness is positively related to the perception of transformation leadership and to the affective commitment to the supervisor, whereas the relationship with continuance commitment is negative. ) Followers’ openness is positively related to the affective commitment to the negative. 4) Followers’ neurotics is negatively related to the perception of prevision, whereas the relationship wit h continuance commitment is positive. 5) Followers’ perception of leaders’ personality (high extroversion, high agreeableness, high openness and low neurotics) is related to the perception of transformational leadership and to affective commitment to the supervisor. ) Relationship between follower personality and the perception of transformational leadership and commitment to the supervision are mediated by the perception of one’s leader’s personality. A comparison of the research questions show article one with four hypotheses, article two with seven, and article three with six hypotheses Sample Population The sample population in each of these articles show a comparison that mostly women were used in the studies. The first article shows that it used 132 college educated, full time managers or leaders in an organizations with there being 81 females and 48 males within these groups. Out of the 1 32 participant, 75 were Hispanic, 30 Blacks, 12 White and 15 who were of other ethnicities and their age average of 40 years. There are 8 newly identified cases on leaders of large organizations in article two with 64 participants insisting of 52% White, 33% Black, 9% Indian, and 6% other with 58% participants being female and 42% male between the ages of 28 and 61 years. Article three participants in the study are 1 53 clerical volunteers and women being 75% of the workers with the average mean of 36. 5 in their ages. A comparison shows that show women were mostly interviewed. What does not compare, is that article two did not have as many participants as one and three. Article three did not mention ethnicity or race as did articles one and two. Results Examining the results of each study, the authors in their perspective articles how that their hypotheses are mostly positive and correlate to the given research questions. In article one, the current study found the personality trait of followers’ on agreeableness as being a predictor high on leadership. New experiences for followers openness is incongruent with Bureaucratic Leadership, but personality traits related to â€Å"Charismatic, Value-Based Team dervish and Directive Leadership, and negatively related to Bureaucratic Leadership and Self-Serving Leadership. † (Farmer, et al. , 201 3, peg. 62) Neurotics was positively correlated with preferences for Charismatic Leadership and Directive Leadership. Extroversion was positively correlated with preferences for Directive Leadership and negatively correlated with tolerance for Bureaucratic and Self-serving Leadership. Agreeableness was positively correlated with preferences for Charismatic Leadership and Directive Leadership and negatively correlated with tolerance for Self-Serving dervish. Openness was positively correlated with preferences for Directive leadership and negatively correlated with tolerance for Bureaucratic and Self- Serving Leadership. Whereas in article two, leadership is seen from followers’ experience is torn between the rational and mechanistic task and leaders avoiding how followers as people are being cared for. Followers perceive leaders as adults who treat them as children. Although article three states â€Å"followers’ extroversion and agreeableness were positively related to the perception of overall transformational leadership and to affective commitment to the supervisor, the relationship between followers’ extroversion and continuance commitment to the supervisor was negative and agreeableness was not related to continuance commitment. † (Grainiest, et al. , 201 2 peg. 01) Openness, transformational leadership, and commitment are correlated in a direction that is positive, with continuance commitment showing only a significance to leaders. Neurotics is negatively related to followers’ perception of affective commitment and transformational leadership. The perceptions of transformational leadership was positively related to perceived leaders’ extroversion, openness, and agreeableness and negatively related to perceived leaders’ neurotics. â€Å"There is support for the mediation effect Of extroversion and agreeableness, a tentative support for neurotics but no support for openness. (Flee, et al. , 201 0, peg. 93) Therefore, the comparison of the hypotheses is that follower’s perceptions of leadership through followers’ personality traits see leadership as not caring and followers’ are agreeable to prevent conflict and the perception of transformational leadership is the leadership that followers perceive their leaders to be. Conclusion The limitations of article one are the use of the GLOBE questionnaire using two empirical pilot studies. Article two mentioned a limitation that leadership was included in the study therefore, no interpretation about the other’s view an be made. Article three’s data is cross-sectional and they cannot rule out that transformational leadership influences followers’ self-perception and their influence of personality characteristics examined in this study is limited. The comparison of the limitations is that the authors’ were not able to provide enough data using data from previous studies. In conclusion, Palmer and the other authors from article one in their findings found that extroversion in leadership is strongly correlated to effective leadership and their study found the personality trait of followers in agreeableness is insistent in regards to leadership. From article 2, leadership is by followers’ views is seen as a relationship that Sees followers as immature. The authors also suggested future research should be done to include the leadership experiences of fellowship and to conclude with article three, the findings the authors found suggests that leaders influence strongly the behaviors and attitudes of followers in commitment, performance, and satisfaction. Elevating followers’ motives and values, the transformational leadership sets leaders’ behaviors as a proven effect in organizations. How to cite Research Study Paper, Essays

Satanism Essay Example For Students

Satanism Essay I am hoping I can somehow make this seem like a psychological report without making it lose any of its important details. My goal in writing this paper isto hopefully make people understand and agree that Satanism is not a Devil Worshipping, animal mutilating, child scarifying cult organization. The psychological thing comes in when people say Satanism is wrong or evil, they hear the word Satan and automatically assume that it must be bad. They make these assumptions without even taking the time to find the facts and understand them. Ill start off by saying that Satanists do not worship the devil! A Satanist believe that he or she as an individual rule their own destiny and are the god of their own lives. Satanism is a religion based on the reality that man is ananimal, like all others. They choose to separate themselves from a society where natural behavior is suppressed and the strong support the weak. The average Satanist disagrees with much of Christianity. In many ways Christian sare considered the enimies. Christians say Satan is a fallen angel, not a God. All religions have gods and demons, some of which are forbidden by a typicalsociety. Satan is one among these, originally conceived by the Hebrews, longbefore the birth of Jesus. Most Satanists are familiar with the teachings ofChristianity, and have read the Bible or part of it. They simply consider the Bible to be false and disregard it much like Christians would disregard bookswhich represent the foundation of another religion. Satanism is not considered a religion for the white race and should not beconfused with or grouped together with skinheads, The KKK, Nazis, Neo-Nazis,or people who support white power. Satanists are not teenage vandals, not gang murderers, not psychopathic murders, not child molesters or vicious rapists. Satanists do not sacrifice young children or animals. The ninth and tenth of the Eleven Satanic Rules of The Earth forbid this, in fact, animal sacrifices are primarily used in the Afro-Caribbean syncretistic religions such asVoodoun, Candomble, and Santeria. Child Sacrifices are used in Television andby journalists to improve ratings. A Satanist does not practice baby breeding or child molestation. Evidence does not support what is said to occur. If thenumber of murders said to be committed by Satanists was accurate some bodies would have been found by now. Members of the Church of Satan are involved and advanced exactly as their own desires, abilities, and accomplishments dictate. There are no setactivities, meetings, or contacts. A new member comes into the organizationideally with his or her own goals and plans of achieving them. When being brought to the church of Satan new members are told to not let anyone tell you what to believe or what to do. Advice or recommendations are one thing; ordersor commands quite another. Remember that you are a free being, not a pawn insomeones power fantasy. They believe the weaker elements of society shouldserve the stronger elements of society or perish. Satanists support any means of returning to the order of Darwins Natural Selection Process, this is inclusive of elimination of welfare to selective sterilization of those weaker elements. Weakelements are determined by performance and intelligence, not race or religion. So where does Satan come into all of this? Satanists believe Satan (andother gods) is not so much an entity as a force of nature. These gods are not allconcerned with the life of mortals. Satan is a very powerful word that serves as an isolation between Satanists and society. It is this separation that a true Satanist appreciates and holds dear. the separation of a society where the strong and willing work for what they need and want but are forced to supportthe weak through welfare and charity. Satanists know their opinions may not be politically correct, but they still obey the laws governing man on this planet and they expect the same protection under the laws as other minorities, races andreligions. .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b , .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b .postImageUrl , .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b , .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b:hover , .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b:visited , .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b:active { border:0!important; } .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b:active , .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf2b5726d7858f67f2d60229a211afd3b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Owen Theorem EssayThere are several divisions of the believe systems of various Satanicgroups. Satanism has changed so much from its original form. For instance a group that are sometimes referred to as The Dabblers adopt Satanic beliefs for abrief period of time, usually for entertainment rather than serious purposes. Many modern youths fall into this category. A Promethian Gnostic believethat the creator of the world (Jehovah) is the evil deity. They look at Satan asthe bringer of life; a beneficent god. Then there is the Dark Gnostic whoworships the dark force of nature. These type of groups follow a Capriciousgod. A Secondary Satanist would not consider themselves as being Satanicand actually should not be defined as Satanists. Hellfire Clubs were a phenomenon of the 18th century. The first of those was founded in the early1700s. Members of a Hellfire Club were dedicated to political intrigue and some occasional occult activities. Many would be suprised to know that Benjamin Franklin was a very active member of this club. Those are just a fewexamples of different Satanic groups. There is one thing that all groups doagree on and that is the Satanic Bible. The Satanic Bible is a describing bookby Anton LaVey, founder of the church of Satan. I hope your views of Satanism have been verified. In the end you are free to believe what you want and understand. I would like to state that this paper isnot written on my personal views, opinions, or religion

How Can We Say Environment Essay Example

How Can We Say Environment Paper We can be the trigger factor Of a remarkable change by making small changes in our lily life. The initial step is reducing our energy consumption. Owing the fact that a considerable amount of the electricity need is met by hydroelectric and thermal power plants, the more we use the electricity, the worse the environment is affected. The thermal power plants is mainly run by fossil fuels which make an irrevocable impact on nature by rising the CA emissions to dramatic levels. As a concrete instance, since the Industrial Revolution, carbon dioxide concentration on air has doubled. Hence, by asking small steps like switching off the lights, plugging off the devices instead Of keeping them on stand-by; we can decrease the energy consumption. 70% of the human body consists of water. This fact explains how crucial is the water for our existence. Due to the fact that only 2. 5% of all water in the world is fresh water, water pollution threatens not only the wild life but also the human nature. In addition, if we add the water scarcity issue, the water will cause the conflicts in the future. Thus, this case must be taken into inconsideration more seriously by governments, companies and people. For example we can contribute to water conversation by doing small things in our houses such as installing environmental-friendly soreheads, using efficient dishwasher instead of washing the dishes by hand and running it when its full. These may seem very tiny but who knows, a snowflake may turn into an avalanche. In my point of view, the most important phase is to create a chance for this snowflake to evolve into an avalanche. But how? We will write a custom essay sample on How Can We Say Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Can We Say Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Can We Say Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I think it can be done by informing people. As an outcome of Industrial Revolution, companies and governments has become more greedy. Earning money and protect their reputation have been their only mission and for the sake of these ends, they are killing the environment. Dramatically, there isnt adequate protest against these circumstances. Furthermore, the existing protests are suppressed or censored. Thats why I support this argument. If we inform people about the seriousness of this issue and encourage them to take responsibility, the hardest part will be passed.

A victim of Cirmcumstances essays

A victim of Cirmcumstances essays In the play, A Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberry asks us to imagine. What happens to a dream deferred? And then provides us with the suggestion that maybe a dream will dry up as a raisin in the sun. But even though it can, it doesnt mean it will. For example, Walter Younger is one of the central characters in the play, and though many would see him as the provider and bond that keeps a family together, that is not the case. Walters immaturity as head of the family, his tendency to ignore people around him, and his desire for material possessions lead him to turn the lives of the people around him upside down. Walter does not see himself as the head of the family; at least not at the beginning of the play. He thinks of himself as one of the kids. He constantly bickers with his sister and his wife. He feels misunderstood by his family members and most importantly, he sneaks around and does exactly what his mother told him not to do-just like any twelve-year-old would. In a sense, his son Travis shows more responsibility at his young age than his father does. Walter just wants to dream, fade into thoughts of big houses and boats, money coming from all directions and not a worry in sight. Unfortunately, he is not prepared to make the necessary sacrifices to make that happen. Though we may think that he made a lot of previous sacrifices like providing for his mother and sister or working as a chauffer for rich people, that is still not enough. That was normal life at the time. People had to work several jobs for minimal pay. Walters sacrifice was not far from the norm. He does well for his time but he doesnt even notice because he only worried about money and how to get more of it. As Mama says to Ruth in one of their conversations, Somebody would have thought my children done all but starved to death the way they talk about money here late ...

Modern marketing techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Modern marketing techniques - Essay Example This imply that consumers are driven by some preconceived ideologies about goods or services and this influences the decision making process by the consumers. Attitude would refer to the ideological conception that exist in one’s mind about the product and which greatly influence the buying habits of the consumer. They sought to study the consumer behavior and the green marketing through special focus on gasoline products. By collecting data through surveys and then analyzing them through regression method, the group found supportive evidence that the consumers’ behaviors have greatly influenced the marketing procedures within the context of gasoline products in that most preference is now banked on the environmental friendly gasoline products. This has therefore the implications that majority of suppliers of the energy products such as the gasoline products are driven to market their products in ways that are most appealing in manners of environmental appeal. This expl ains the modern branding mechanisms that are adopted by the firms dealing with these products (Singh et al, 2011, p.101). The character or traits that are exhibited by consumers are what is called the consumer behavior and is revealed while searching for, purchasing, using, disposing and evaluating products as well as services that are useful and through which they gain the utility required. Through these considerations then, consumers are influenced in making decision as well as spending their resources for the satisfaction of need and wants. The information that marketers get from the consumers is thus seen to be very important while directing o n the appropriate marketing procedures as well as practices in order to achieve efficiency within the market. This describes why majority of modern marketing revolves around consumer behavior while carrying out a market analysis, target market selection, market-mix determination as well as the marketing strategies mostly reliable within a certain market segment (Bello, 2008, p.1-4). This therefore explains the various marketing mechanisms that are in use today, and which are determined by the consumer behaviors exhibited. Advertising is one tool of marketing and which describes a mechanism that is employed by marketers to pass across valuable information to the potential customers in a bid to win their attention in purchases. As an avenue for informing, advertising is efficient in customizing the consumers’ behavior through appealing to their emotions as well as through group identity. A study carried to ascertain the relationship between effective advertising and the behavior of consumers in buying revealed that there is actually strong evidence to link the consumers’ behavior to the advertisement activities. An in depth analysis also revealed a strong relationship between emotional appeal as well as the consumer purchasing behavior (Abideen and Saleem, nd, p. 55). This therefore revealed that there is a strong base to ascertain that consumers purchase more the goods or

Experimental Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Experimental Economics - Essay Example The students are supposed to sit in the computer lab and follow all the instructions provided by the instructor. The students bid for this particular product in rounds. The bid must range from $0 up to $20. Every student must be independent and must not be influenced by the decision of the other students (Salmon 34). However, for this to be efficient, no student will be able see the bid of his or her opponent, on all cases. The value to be bidden by the student will be decided randomly. However, the highest bidder will win the auction. If any student does not win the auction, there will be no return or compensation for them. The students are to bid twice for the product. The experiment is carried out to prove that the higher the first bidding price, the higher the chances of winning the auction. The experiment takes few minutes since students involved will only bid and then wait for the next one to bid too. The experiment requires the student to bid in rounds. However, they have to b e divided in groups of two. In every round, a student’s makes a bid of his wish. The students should have no knowledge on the bidding process. However, the instructor will have provided the prize value of the product being auctioned. All the bidders who lose will earn nothing. The students too must chose prices above the prize value of the product. This experiment will target at answering the economics question above. At first, students decide to bid their highest price possible in order to win the auction. Most of them even bid the total amount they have, remaining with nothing. However, bidding a first high price increases the chances of winning, as the experiment will show (Ginib 65). Instructions to the students and the instructor will be important to prevent confusion during the experiment. The students are to sit strategically in the computer room. The instructor will advise the students to rely on

Sustainable Management Futures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainable Management Futures - Essay Example The Body Shop’s business is not only concerned for profit generation motive but are also concerned about society and environment and belief in sustainable growth. The Body Shop has their community suppliers. There are around 31 community trade related suppliers in 24 countries. Their commitment is towards trading fairly and purchasing ingredients through Community Trade Programs. They provide preference to rural areas to become the member of the community trade for the growth of economy. The motive of community trading is to provide occupation and to build their livelihood (The Body Shop, 2006). The Body Shop International Plc is a natural, original and ethical cosmetic brand. All the products of The Body Shop are vegetarian. The company is against animal testing and is recognized as the first international cosmetics brand that was ‘Against Animal Testing’ policy. The Body Shop Foundation was launched in the year 1990 with a registered charity number. It is the co mpany’s own charitable foundation which specially focuses to help those who believe in development of the society (The Body Shop, 2011). . PESTEL Analysis PESTEL analysis enables to identify macro environmental aspects that generally are seen as prime drivers for change. The Body Shop has a global presence in number of countries throughout the world. In this context, the situational analysis of The Body Shop will be conducted with respect to the UK scenario. In the UK, the organisations that operate in the cosmetic industry have to abide by the ISO 22716 safety related standards which had been published on February 2010. The organisation such as The Body Shop has to select the specification that they come under from this certificate. In the UK, organisations have to abide by international trade policy to import and export their products. In recent times there has been an increase in the demand for online products. The government as well as the industry of the UK has supported the scheme related to trust mark, which has significantly helped in increasing the demand for online purchases. The exchange rates in the UK have been fluctuating with respect to Pound and also in the various countries from which the company acquires its raw materials. It has impacted in raising the import cost of raw materials as well as finish products. There has been an increase in VAT (Value Added Tax) to 20% in 2010, which has prompted an increase in daily commodity prices and would reduce the consumers from purchasing cosmetics related products. In the UK, high labour cost has been a concern in recent times which obstructed the company from fully exploring their global strategies. In the UK, the percentage of people in the age group of 65 to 85 is increasing, which would provide an opportunity of increasing sales regarding the anti-aging cosmetics. In the year 2012, the London Olympic Games will provide an option to create increased awareness of the products of the company am ong the huge number of visitors in the UK. The growing trend of natural products that are environment friendly will provide The Body Shop a massive growth prospect as the

Prevention of pressure ulcers: nurses’ sole responsibility

Prevention of pressure ulcers: nurses’ sole responsibility Pressure ulcer is a major health problem. According to previous 10 years nationwide studies, 10% to 15% of the general population suffers from chronic pressure ulcers. In addition, Reddy, Gill and Rochon (cited in Walton-Geer, 2009) approximated 60,000 patients every year will die from hospital acquired pressure ulcers and the treatment of these wounds costs approximately $11 billion per year. These findings are significant in some areas such as patients in intensive care units, critical care units and nursing home residents. These situations cost patient in terms of suffering, impaired quality of life, reduced independence and even increased morbidity and mortality. The patients delay in hospital discharge and decrease the efficiency and efficacy of health services. The health industry is also concerned about lack of sources, work force hours to manage the problem. Various industries and government agencies are disconcerted to either treat these ulcers in early intervention or encou rage prevention (Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2007). However, a good quality care is important in preventing these sores and nurses come at front to provide this care. In identifying the nurses attitude towards care and perception of barriers in that case may solve this situation. Search strategy The literature search was conducted by using the databases- Cinahl, Pro Quest, Pub med and Waiariki library catalogues. These databases identified the published studies, nursing journals and conference proceedings. The search engine used the terms for search were pressure ulcers and nursing, nurse and bedsores, nurse and hospital, pressure ulcer and patient, and nursing management and decubitus ulcers to search out the articles. The articles only written in English were retrieved for review. This literature review is based on the prevention strategies. Prevention and management of pressure ulcer is of major concern in health care system. Most of the studies revealed the appropriate knowledge of nurses for prevention. The gaps could be in the lack of performance in their practice. The hospital routines for early assessment and culture may be responsible for nurses to practice efficiently. Despite of increasing expenditure neither incidence nor prevalence is reducing. The attitude and supervision towards care of patient are significant review in whole populations generally. The search was wide to find the reliable material and needed to exclude some for relevance. The search boundaries were elaborated for nursing practice and attitude. The access to literature was sometimes limited to abstract only. Eighteen published articles were reviewed for possible inclusions in the final review. Among those ten articles were taken from previous conducted researches, three were the literature reviews and two relevant articles were based on life story of patients. One textbook and two non-research articles were kept for background information. The first line of defense in preventing the pressure ulcer development is the nurse practitioners behavior towards patient, nursing care by using various devices, patients status for devolving risk factors and hospital polices for further improvements. All ages were viewed as inclusion criteria with high-risk abilities. Four articles were more than ten years old and excluded to gather current knowledge for practice. One study was excluded because of emphasize was put on various positions of the patient that are inefficient for critical care units to take efforts in rising out of bed and were not valid. Two researches based studies were included to asse ss nurses knowledge in prevention and treatment strategies that were mainly researched for assessing the nurses knowledge about pressure ulcers and impact on practical decision-making skills and utilizations of various devices. The research literatures on pressure ulcer development filled the education and reliability assessment of nurses. One group of researchers created the longitudinal examination of hospital registered staffing to improve the quality of care and revealed the limited support for quality with number of registered nurses. These variations in favor of care presents a cross comparison of results, at best. Another research study revealed the influence of handling technique, and patients weight and disability that causes serious back injuries to nurses. One research supported computers for prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers at LCD hospital was included because the system reminds documentation to nurses. One life story article included tells about the negligenc e in care that leads towards the death of a woman, because of bone deep bedsores that remained untreated in last six months of her life. The selection criteria in three researches have been taken for use of preventive devices that underline the risk of pressure ulcers early assessment at time of admission. The potential inclusion admits a risk assessment tool, Braden scale in predicting pressure sore risk in hospitalized patients. However, two included studies exposed issues regarding the lack of clinical trials for effectiveness and the quality improvement implementations in nursing homes that associated with organizational culture. As the review included all ages, hospitalized and outside patients, one study assures about the sitting behavior of people lead towards building the risk of pressure ulcers. Nurses knowledge and attitude In 2004, Moore agreed the development of pressure ulcer is linked to nurses attitude, education and competence. Education increases awareness of the problem and gives a pathway for developing and maintaining competency. Thus, the successful prevention is dependent on staff knowledge, skill and attitude. This argument was underlined the content and quality of education, a major concern in decision-making. Hulland (cited in Moore, 2004) was able to identify nurses action, beliefs and opinion on pressure ulcer prevention and treatment. Anthony (cited in Moore, 2004) also agreed, however, nurses have good knowledge for prevention, still usage is inappropriate in practice. Maylor and Torrance (cited in Moore, 2004) supported the value of the attitude of nurses for preventive practices of pressure ulcers in clinical practice. Ousey (2010) accented the need of evidence-based education for whole staff involved in care of pressure ulcers. Another study by Wiechula in 1997 described the focus of quality improvement ought to on the appropriate education program that contains the instructions and guidelines of current and evidence based practice. The education program should include the etiology and risk factors along with risk assessment tools and application in demonstrating the positioning for prevention of pressure ulcers. In this study, the stress was also put on the accurate documentation and monitoring. Another cross-sectional study by a group of researchers explored the comparison between the knowledge among past time and present time nurses. The sample was large (n=522 nurses in 2003 compared with n=351 nurses in 1991), with written questionnaire method. The authors identified the knowledge of nurses in 2003 is better and nurses know the usefulness of preventive measures. However, the raised issue was again the knowledge did not come in practice in the organizations that monitored pressure ulcers (Hulsenboom, Bours Halfens, 2007). Comparing the views of all autho rs, one group of researchers conducted a one-time survey. Fifteen nurses were subjected to check the use of system increase their knowledge and skills. The study resulted in no effective knowledge about pressure ulcers and decision-making skills in practice (Zielstorff et al, 1997). Among various researches, one study by Smith and Waugh in 2009 uncovered the nurses knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention and treatment along with the perception of barrier in providing effective care. After using the Pieper Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Test among 96 nurses, the study revealed the nurses knowledge was higher significantly but the barrier such as the weight of patient, patients refusal, unavailability of equipments, not having enough time and staff was significantly considerable. Nevertheless, Mark, Harless, McCue and Xu in 2004 found limited support for enduring the belief that improvement in registered nurse staffing improves the quality of care. In addition, Skotte and Fallentin in 2008 s upports the barrier by assessing the low back load on health care workers while using preventive techniques such as repositioning and use of friction reducing devices that is higher than patients weight and disability. Pulkkinen (2009) explores this argument in an article about a health care workers second-degree criminal mistreatment. The evidence shows that the treatment for bedsores was not provided to Harrison and ultimately because of gangrene infection of bone deep ulcers, he died. Use of appliances in practice In 1997, Wiechula described the assessment of risk is important to consider causative and contributing factors that can eliminate the negative effects. This skin care assessment of patient should be at the time of admission, after change in condition and for long-term patients at regular intervals. Specifically, to relieve pressure, attempt should be put on positioning and turning frequently. The major concern was preventing contact on between prone areas and support surface by using devices such as pillows and foams and use of alternating pressure mattress for high-risk patients. Ousey (2010) explored the early detection and effective documentation of pressure ulcers is a key component of quality care if the nurses can identify risk development behavior appropriately. The study assures manual repositioning and pressure relieving support surfaces are important in preventive measures. The early detection includes the assessment within six hours of admission in hospital and in communit y settings; it should be at first visit of practice nurse. However, Wiechula in 1997 outlined, turning of patient every 2 hours is a reliable and cheap method of prevention. Schoonhoven (cited in Ousey, 2010) disputed the effectiveness of preventive measures in some patients. Based on this notion, Ousey agreed the pressure ulcer tool will be helpful for high-risk individuals if practice with professional jugdement. Stotts and Gunningberg in 2007 supported one evidence-based article for use of Braden scale, a good assessment tool. Considering the reliability and validity, Braden scale is affective to practice with the difference in patients culture. In the matter of devices in care of pressure ulcers, the Australian Medical sheepskin is a new pressure-relieving device is effective in relieving pressure with moisture absorbing capacities (Mistiaen et al, 2008). Gardner, Frantz, Bergquist and Shin (2005) explored another perspective study for measuring the wound healing is pressure ulc er scale for healing. When the workers apply this evidence-based tool at weekly intervals, it provides accuracy in differentiating healing of pressure ulcer from non-healing in tracking changes in pressure ulcer status. This study outlined the use of PUSH score can achieve changes during extended follow-ups during the time when pressure ulcers take more than 3 months to heal. As explained by Wiechula in 1997, massage on bony prominences ought to avoid and the ring shaped devices are ineffectiveness in practice. Ousey (2010) agreed the view of not rubbing the skin vigorously to prevent the damage of superficial and deep tissues. Interestingly, one cross-sectional study unveiled the use of these preventive devices and documentation is suboptimal even for high-risk patients. In practice, the documentation and preventive devices are important for all patients who are at risk and having pressure ulcers to note the status of patients. A research nurse to ascertain the use of pressure ulce r devices examined the patients. After examination, 68% patients were documented for pressure ulcers. Among those 15% of patients had preventive devices and 51% receive those were at high-risk. In multiple analyses, the type and stage of pressure ulcer were not associated with high-risk patient but the use of preventive devices (Rich, Shardell, Margolis Baumgarten, 2010). Similarly, Moore (2004) identified the use of pressure relieving devices are not as much helpful in reducing the prevalence of pressure ulcers without nurses positive attitude. Hospital policy The cost of treatment of pressure ulcers can be enormous and significantly run out the health system resources. According to Posnett Franks (cited in Ousey, 2010) the estimated cost for the treatment of pressure ulcer is between 1.8 billion pounds to 2.6 billion pounds annually. In 2009, Walton-Geer gave views on for the improvement in patient care the interventions should be initiated on evidence-based practice. Patients status AHCPR (cited in Wiechula, 1997) recommended the important link of malnutrition with the development of pressure ulcers. Wiechula (1997) indicated, on admission nutritional assessment should also be monitored such as weight changes, loss of appetite and decreased dietary intake. Patients with poor hygiene and skin moisture degrade the integrity of skin that further helps in developing sores. One literature review supported the components of Braden scale such as nutrition, sensory perception, evidence of moisture, activity level and mobility status are the most important predictive of developing risk of pressure ulcers. It is apparent in the study that the risk increases with the susceptibility of tissue tolerance and poor peripheral circulation that relates with poor nutritional status (Schultz, 2005). Ousey in 2010 outlined some intrinsic and extrinsic factors responsible for pressure ulcer development. Intrinsic factors included patients age, mobility, incontinence, medication, anem ia, thin skin, nutritional status and disease condition. The considered extrinsic factors were friction, moisture, poor handling and changing position. The stress was also put on initial assessment of all patients to improve nutritional intakes. Williams et al (cited in Ousey, 2010) considered poor nutrition and decreased tissue perfusion, the main cause of pressure ulcer development. Bain and Ferguson-Pell in 2002 considered the knowledge of sitting behavior of patients outside the hospital especially for wheel chair users who sit continuously for long time. The study tested the use of remote monitoring pressure distributing logger that keeps the record of sitting behavior after testing its feasibility. Phytochemical Method Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis Phytochemical Method Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis Phytochemical Method Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterization The study of green synthesis of nanomaterials offers a valuable contribution to biomedicine at nanobiotechnology. This study focuses on the green synthesis of nanosilver from O. sanctum leaf extract and loading the nanosilver onto cotton fabrics and assessing their physical and biological properties. In this study, O. sanctum leaf extract was used as reducing agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. When the silver nitrate solution was mixed with leaf extract, the color changes occur immediately in silver nitrate solution. Initially, the leaf extract was green, which turned yellowish brown on adding the silver nitrate solution. The color changes indirectly indicate the formation of silver nanoparticles. The color change was noted by virtual observation of O. sanctum leaf extract incubated with an aqueous solution of AgNO3. It started to change color from watery to yellowish brown at 4 h and dark pink at 24 h after incubation (Figure 1). It is due to the reduction of silver ions; this exhibits the formation of silver nanoparticles (Table 1). The color of the extract changed to intense brown along with threads after 24 h of incubation, and there was no significant change afterward. S.No. Time interval Colour change 1 0 min Dark green 2 10 min Pale green 3 30 min Reddish green 4 1hr Red 5 2 hrs Red 6 4 hrs Reddish brown 7 8 hrs Reddish brown 8 16 hrs Brown Threads 9 24 hrs Brown Threads Table 5. 1. Effect of leaf extract of O.sanctum on colour changes in silver nitrate solution at different time interval Biosynthesis of nanoparticles by time-dependent absorption spectrum The continuous formation of silver nanoparticles was investigated using UV-Vis spectroscopy, which has proven to be a useful spectroscopic method. The presence of silver nanoparticles was confirmed at a range of 200–600 nm. In UV-Vis spectra, silver nanoparticles can be shown by a SPR peak at around 400 nm, but a small shift (blueshift or redshift) in the wavelength of the peak could be related to obtaining —silver nanoparticles in different shapes, sizes, or solvent dependences. After 24 h of incubation, a typical peak of ÃŽ »max at 421 nm was obtained due to the SPR of silver nanoparticles (Figure5. 2). After the reaction time on adding of leaf extract reached 4 h, obtained silver nanoparticles showed a UV-Vis absorption peak, a characteristic SPR band for silver nanoparticles, centered at 400 nm (Figure 5.2). Figure 2, the intensity of the SPR peak increased with the increase in the reaction time, which indicated the continued reduction of the silver nitrate ions, whereas the increase of the absorbance value with the reaction time indicated the increase in concentration of silver nanoparticles. When the reaction time reached 12 h, the absorbance was increased and ÃŽ »max value was slightly blueshifted to 435 nm. At reaction time of 24 h, the absorbance value was also increased and blueshifted to 435 and 421 nm, respectively. At the end of the reaction (24 h), the absorbance value was considerably increased and there was no significant change in ÃŽ »max value (421 nm), compared with that at 12-h reaction time. FTIR spectroscopy analysis of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles FTIR measurements of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticle samples were carried out to identify the possible interactions between silver and bioactive molecules, which may be responsible for synthesis and stabilization (capping material) of silver nanoparticles. These were also to identify the possible biomolecules responsible for capping and efficient stabilization of the metal nanoparticles synthesized by leaf extract. Figure 5.3 shows the FTIR spectra of aqueous silver nanoparticles prepared from O. sanctum leaf extract. The presence of the signature peaks of amino acids supports the presence of proteins in cell-free filtrate as observed in spectral analysis. The silver nanoparticle sample shows peaks at 3313.48, 3193, 2976.90, 2883, 1670, 1452, 1338, 1196.78, and 1112.75 cm−1 (Figure 5.3). The peaks corresponding to protein and silver nanoparticles were found commonly present in the nanoparticles synthesized by leaf extract. X-ray diffraction analysis The crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles was studied with the aid of XRD as shown in Figure 5.4. The dry powders of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were used for XRD analysis. The diffracted intensities were recorded from 20à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ° to 80à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ° at 2à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ± angles. Many strong Bragg diffracted peaks observed at 27.82, 32.25, 46.22, and 76.63 corresponding to 126, 199, 131, and 24 height of the face-centered cubic pattern of silver were obtained. The average grain size of the silver nanoparticles formed in the bio-reduction process was determined using Scherrer formula and it suggested that the synthesized silver nanoparticles were crystalline. The size of the silver nanoparticles was found to be 26 nm, and it was determined using the width of the (126) Bragg’s reflection. In addition, yet some unassigned peaks were also observed suggesting the crystallization of biophase occurs on the surface of silver nanoparticles. Fluorescence spectral analysis Fluorescence spectroscopy is a type of electromagnetic spectroscopy which analyzes fluorescence from a sample. Figure 5.5 shows fluorescence emission spectrum from silver nanoparticles, dispersed in double distilled water. Fluorescence spectral analysis of silver nanoparticles used in the experiment was carried out to confirm the fluorescence emitted from the nanoparticles. A strong maximum at 431 nm wavelength and a quantum yield was 666.450 mV appeared in the fluorescence emission spectrum of O. sanctum leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles. Potentiometry analysis of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles The biosynthesized silver nanostructure was shown and confirmed by the characteristic peaks observed in zeta potential, which will help to measure the diameter of nanoparticles with corresponding average zeta potential values, and also used for suggesting higher stability of silver nanoparticles. The reduction of silver ions to form nanoparticles was also monitored using a potentiometer. The large negative potential value could be due to the capping of polyphenolic constituents present in the extract. Figure 5.6 shows the results of time-dependent zeta potential analysis from 0 to 24 h of incubation period. A pointed reduction in the potential could be observed on 4 h of interaction, further indicating the formation of nanoparticles at this stage. The potential decrease from an initial value of 0.436 V for silver ions to 0.153 V at the end of 11 h (Figure5.6) was observed, after which the decrease in potential was gradual, decreasing up to 0.048 V at the end of 24 h. Zeta potential analysis of synthesized silver nanoparticles The zeta potential analysis was used to measure the electrophoretic mobility of the silver nanoparticles. The complex zeta potential is a parameter that is used to learn the surface charges and stability of nanoparticles. The zeta potential charges significantly affect the particle distribution and agglomeration of nanoparticles. The high zeta potential value indicates a high electric charge on the surface of the nanoparticles. It describes strong repellent forces among the particles, which prevent aggregation and lead to stabilization of the nanoparticles in the medium. The zeta potential of the nanoparticles formulated was only measured in systems that did not sediment after overnight equilibration. The alteration in zeta potential with a moment in time is shown in Figure 5.7. It can be observed that there was charge stabilization from 11 to 16 h, with the charge stabilized at around −57 mV. The zeta potential was −62 mV for the 14 h interacted samples, which further decreased to −35 mV for the 24 h interacted samples. SEM analysis of silver nanoparticles The morphology of silver nanoparticle was observed using a SEM instrument. The shape and size of silver nanoparticles were analyzed after 24 h of incubation using SEM as shown in Figure 5.8. In general, the nanoparticles were spherical with varying size ranged from 7 to 28 nm. Most of the nanoparticles were combined, with only a few of them scattered, as observed under SEM. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were mostly spherical. These were used to characterize the morphology, size, and distribution in aqueous suspension and were prepared by dropping the suspension onto a clean glass plate and allowing water to completely evaporate. It was evident that the ends of silver nanoparticles are brighter than the middle, suggesting the particles are encapsulated by biomolecules such as proteins in the Basil leaf extract (Figure 5.8). EDS analysis of silver nanoparticles The EDS spectrum (Figure 5.9) clearly identified the elemental composition of the synthesized nanoparticles, which suggests the presence of silver as the ingredient element. The vertical axis shows the counts of the X-ray and the horizontal axis shows energy in keV. The strong signals of silver correspond to the peaks in the graph confirming presence of silver. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles typically show an optical absorption peak at 3.2 keV due to SPR. However, other elemental signals along with silver nanoparticles were also recorded, which were not observed for the biosynthesis of many other nanoparticles. TEM was used to visualize the size and shape of silver nanoparticles. Figure 5.10 shows the typical TEM micrograph of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. It is observed that most of the silver nanoparticles were spherical. A few agglomerated silver nanoparticles were also observed in some places, thereby indicating possible sedimentation at a later time. It is evident that there is variation in particle sizes, and the average size was estimated to be 26 nm and the particle size ranged from 8 to 45 nm. The natural products, namely glycosides, flavanones, and reducing sugars, are the main constituents of the O. sanctum leaf extract

Comparing the Reigns of Julian and Constantius Essay -- Ancient Civil

For a ruler to be successful, certain characteristics must be present in that specific person. There are many variances to the cookie-cut emperor, though they all share similar passions. For instance, while one ruler emphasizes trade routes and commercial power for expansion of their legion, another may emphasize war and destruction only to rebuild their own version of their legion in the place that had been won. Although both rulers have very different manners and ideas about how to expand their empire, both have the same wish to be fulfilled. This kind of contradiction of power and reason is very implemented into the storyline of Julian. Between Julian and Constantius, they both attempt to reform the state religion, but are at polar opposite ends in regards to what they believe in. Although both are somewhat successful during their turn as emperor, both have very distinct ways of unraveling one another's achievements. Beginning with Constantius, his rule is the foundation to the success of Christianity. By making various changes to the structure of rule and deliberate attacks on those who opposed him, the rise of Christianity as the state religion of Rome came into light. One of Constantius' very prominent strategies involved that of eliminating those who showed signs of threatening his authority. Amongst those in elimination, Julian's father, and eventually Julian's brother [who he technically did not have a close relationship with] [pp 16]. Not only did Constantious strike fear in the hearts of his people, but he also implemented bishops and those who held an office like such, into the core of the government. Constantius granted them power and luxuries that would further promote the Christian faith so the image o... ...mpire became a Christian state. Probably due to the lack of force Julian used, there left open spaces for fear to be set in by another ruler more like that of Constantius. Though a valiant effort to restore the old Roman Empire was made, the imminent fate of the empire soon takes hold after Julian's death. Works Cited Vidal, Gore. Julian. Boston: Little Brown, 1964. Print. Cook, Jeremy. "Review of "Julian" by Gore Vidal." We Are Amused. N.p., 28 Mar 2011. Web. 04 Apr 2012. . tristaprez, . "Julian- Gore Vidal Christianity vs. Paganism." Hubpages. N.p., 10 Aug 2006. Web. 01 Apr 2012. . Author Unknown. "Julian | Summary." BookRags. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Apr 2012. .

Christians Restoring the Environment

â€Å"Go Green,† the new slogan that promotes saving the environment is being heard everywhere. As I turn on my television or pass a billboard on the highway. The message is loud and clear that the earth is desperately crying out for us humans to start taking care of our domain. According to Green Living, â€Å"Going green is about conserving our resources, finding alternative energies, and innovative ways to keep our rivers and oceans cleaner and our landfills smaller. (Scheid, 2009) Christians can make a difference in the environment if all the churches in the United States rallied together to promote environmental restoration. I'm aware that our environmental issues are extreme; however, if you have a large organization such as the church pushing the cause to its congregants, I believe we will begin to see a difference in those who make conscious decisions that will attribute to the restoration of our environment. Targeting individuals and families through the media and ads are positive but I question how affective those streams of influence really are. I know that I have personally not given a lot of attention to, â€Å"Being Green. The reason for that is because I don't really understand the importance of individuals making small changes towards these environmental issues, especially when you look at the massive oil leak in the Gulf of Mexico. It makes me want to ask why we are being targeted. It appears our efforts are useless when big corporations make destructive decision that affect the environment way more than me and my family ever could. I also know that right now my family can't afford to go out and buy energy saving appliances which is a huge expense in this depressed economy. Also, most of the items you can buy that are â€Å"green† cost more. Cleaners, paints, materials can add up and really have negative affects on a person’s financial income if you are living on a budget. I have also heard so much controversy around the validity of global warming that I question if it is all a hoax or if there really is anything that can be done to help improve our environment. However, if churches began answering these questions to their attendees and began promoting environmental restoration, I believe we would see people become passionate to the point they start making more â€Å"go green† choices. According to the US Census Bureau, there are approximately, 310,470,820 people in the United States alone. (Census Bureau, 2010) Gallup poll states that 43. 1% of Americans reported going to church weekly. (Newport, 2010) If the churches would rally around the environmental restoration cause, they could be influential to their attendees about taking care of the environment. According to Star Tribune, â€Å"The faith community has become one of the major players in environmental issues. Coming from the standpoint of morals, religious groups are able to address green issues from a different perspective than the political or socioeconomic juggernaut. (Strickler, 2008) There are several things that churches can do on a Sunday morning to persuade their attendees. Many churches these days do video announcements that are very affective because they are visual. I think it would be an asset to incorporate visual examples of these individual churches making an effort to bring restoration to the environment. They could use these video announcements to educate their members, teach them the importance of conserving energy and lessening pollution and give their congregants specific tips on how they can save energy with updated appliances. The churches could also speak with some appliance stores that may offer discounts to their church members in hopes that they would switch over to these energy saving appliances. Churches could avoid using paper as much as possible by using their website or phone tree to contact their congregants. They could also dedicate a wall within the church which displays information about environmental restoration as well as giving information on their website. Ricky Nolan of Minneapolis attended an earth day service at his church and he stated, â€Å"The religious world, ‘brings a sense of responsibility' to the ecological debate. (Strickler, 2008) Unlike the secular world, the church can emphasize the importance of taking care of the earth because God made it. Pastors can use scripture to explain God’s intent of being good stewards over His creation. Christians can stand together by good simple Christian stewardship and work towards a cause that will benefit not only our generation but several generations to come. Most people will listen to their spiritual leader with an issue such as environmental restoration because it is a good cause and because they are very good at endorsing worthwhile causes. They know how to make their listeners take personal responsibility. Pastors already have a level of influence; why else would 43% of people in America take time out of their busy schedules to attend church. Pastors could use this influence to evoke passion; once these spiritual leaders have made their members zealous about the cause; I believe that excitement would automatically spill over into their individual communities. So you might ask why it is necessary for our churches to get involved since there is so much information already spreading about being environmentally conscious. I personally don't believe that most people really care enough to change their lifestyle. However, if a repetitious announcement is being made weekly in a place that people choose to be apart of, the probability is higher that people will catch on and begin to embrace the cause. I believe our Christian churches can make a difference because we represent a large number of Americans. Churches already have great influence; just imagine what we can do if we used that influence to remind God's children about the world He created and how it is crying out right now for some love and attention.

How To Revise A Novel A Step-by-Step Guide

How To Revise A Novel A Step-by-Step Guide How To Revise A Novel: Taking Your Manuscript From Scruffy To Spliffy Last updated: 2017/07/11A week after NaNoWriMo, it is time for you to go back to your novel and ruthlessly revise it. To help you with that, we asked our specialist developmental editor Maria D’Marco to share her top tips on how to revise a novel. Follow them and you might be able to turn your first draft into material worthy of submission.The first thing to keep in mind once you have finished your first draft is that the writing process is not over. You have to accept that creating ever-improving iterations of your manuscript takes time. Your goal here is not perfection (you’ll have to work with a pro editor to get there), it is balance; so do not get hung up on minutiae and work quickly through your drafts.How to revise a novel in 9 key stagesThere is one underlying concept that should drive your revision process: the foundation of Continuity and Relationships, or how everything relates to every other thing in the story.Of course, you shouldn’t try to tackle ev erything at once; instead you should avoid mind-boggle by approaching your re-writes progressively, stage-by-stage.Share this infographic! Click below  to tweet about it or Pin it on your board 🙂 The first 4 stages of the revision process are primarily developmental and should be tackled as individual reviews and re-writes. Each stage will potentially represent a new iteration of the draft. A novice author should expect to perform at least 3 total revisions of their manuscript, before moving into the writing reviews (the last 2 stages). Character reviews are the most time-intensive, deservedly so.Time LineAs the author, you have a running timeline or chronology for your story. It is vital to remember that the reader is not privy to this timeline until you share it with them. Do not leave them to their own devices! This is your story- lead the way!Again, consistency is your gate-keeper, so your revision must ensure that your time line makes sense, supports the story, and has no "whaaa?" factors. You can also check for innovative ways to introduce your time line, which may enlighten as to the time of day, day of the week, month, year, season, etc. Using well-known events can es tablish multiple time points, as well as having a character who is a bit (or very) obsessed with time and checks watches and clocks regularly.CharactersYou have an intimate knowledge of all your characters- well, most likely anyway. To capture their essence on the page and ensure continuity, follow each character through the entire manuscript. Do their actions make sense? Do they contribute to every scene they occupy? Do they elicit emotion? Do they create a turn in the plot (however small)? Are they clichà ©? Does their dialogue add to the scene or the progression of the story?Each character must have a purpose to the story, so perform your revision by 'seeing' the story through their eyes and enriching their interactions, actions, and dialogue as you go.Environments ScenesYou 'see' the environment of every scene vividly, but have you created that vivid environment for the reader? You know the season, the time of day, the placement of each character (plus their mindset importanc e to the scene) within the scene, what the character is wearing, how the action will progress within the scene, etc.As you revise, is every environment and scene written to engage the reader's imagination? And are they imagining what you want and need them to imagine?From worldbuilding to a space the character only occupies for a moment, you must scrutinize each environmental element for opportunities to enrich your story and build a stronger draft.Transitions PacingThese are related elements that can be sticky to refine. The need to identify any lack of consistency in the movement of the story is the goal.Transitions, whether paragraph breaks, chapter breaks, or scene changes are finessed partitions that conclude or leave things hanging and set up or anticipate moves within the story. Transitions can come at the end of a paragraph, chapter, or scene, but can also occur at other times, particularly as set up or anticipatory dialogue or 'hint dropping'.Pacing ties to transitions, as well as to types of scenes, and can keep readers breathless and excited, bored to tears, or precariously tormented between the two. It is the engagement factor that determines the rate at which your story is absorbed. Some refer to pacing as 'flow', not to be confused with 'readability', which refers to comprehension.Revise your story transitions, re-writing to improve focus and positioning, while cementing pivotal transitions that function as story turning points. A 'log' of transitions can help track the movement of the story. This same log can be a complementary tool in your pacing review, allowing you to further indentify and re-write material to support story continuity.Assumed KnowledgeThis is, to me, the greatest pitfall in authoring any novel- or any other type of writing. We have a wealth of knowledge about our book, from personal experience and observations to careful research. We have saturated our minds with endless details, as well as visions of our story, characters, and environments. We then write from that empowered position; and often, assumption of knowledge skewers our story.In every revision, along with the foundation of continuity and relationships, be mindful of assumed knowledge. Shore up the information presented to the reader when necessary so the reader can experience your story from your deeper perspective.Sentence Starts StructuresStrictly a writing review, with the objective of exposing repetitive writing habits. Such habits can dramatically affect your story, as they eventually become predictable to the reader, which then makes them aware of you, the author, instead of your story.Everyone has writing habits. They are tied to our accustomed way of communicating. Some are so ingrained that they become known as our 'style'.This revision isn't meant to dilute your style, your special voice, or any other uniqueness in your writing. Instead, you will be checking for unimaginative sentence starts, obtuse or convoluted sentence structur es, and repetitive phrases or words or use of character names, among other things.Continuity isn't bettered by starting nearly every sentence with a pronoun or a character's name. Combining related concepts in a complex sentence can enrich a transition or deepen emoting. Creating 40-50 word sentences that over-explain, confuse, or present concepts at cross-purposes can tire a reader and even cause them to abandon your story.Identify when, where, and if these lame or aggravating writing habits appear in your story, and then re-write to strengthen your story.DialogueYou probably can envision most of the conversations held between your characters, but have you framed these conversations in an engaging way, avoided using actions or reactions as dialogue tags (we can grimace, but cannot 'grimace' words), or ensured that a conversation actually contributes to the story?Once again, continuity and the relationship of dialogue to the scene and story should guide you in your revision and re-w rites. Consider the entirety of the scene, what it is meant to accomplish, and if the dialogue promotes that goal. Does the dialogue expand and deepen the understanding of the story, the characters, and the relationships between all?An additional review aspect is to identify any instances where dialogue is used as an info-dump, back-story or otherwise. Determine if that material is better presented as narrative. Dialogue that informs is fine, as long as it is the most appropriate and powerful way to present the information.Are you looking for more advice on how to revise your novel? Check out some of our  other editors' advice on the Kobo blog.Of course, nothing trumps working with editing professionals. And we happen to have the best ones (like Maria) on Reedsy, so check out our marketplace here.

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